As i mentioned above, crude oil is a mixture of different compounds. Fractional distillation is a method for separating volatile compounds from a. Bp educational service hydrocarbons from crude oil. Fractional distillation chemical process britannica. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Fractional distillation of crude oil oil and cracking.
Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons. The technique is widely used in industry, for example in the manufacture and purification of nitrogen, oxygen and the rare gases. Fractional distillation is the main activity of oil refineries, and is done in a large fractionating column known as a fractionation tower. These units produced small quantities of unstable naphthas and large amounts of byproduct coke. Study c1 fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking flashcards from. The distillation process helps in separating these components effectively. In fact this process is so slow that it means crude oil is effectively nonrenewable unless youve got a few million years to spare. This video runs through alkanes, alkenes and haloalkanes followed by fractional distillation and cracking. Fractional distillation and cracking are two such methods. Chemical and material behaviour bookmark resources cracking animation animation. The fractional distillation process starts by heating up the material to over 400 degrees celsius in order to vaporize it. Crude oil distillation an overview sciencedirect topics.
Fractional distillation of crude oil gcse includes. The chemicals in a certain fraction are hydrocarbons with comparable numbers of carbon atoms. In this video learn how fractional distillation separates crude oil into useful fractions, examples of these fractions and where theyre used in everyday life. Chen, in computer aided chemical engineering, 2016. Crude oil is composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, so the products formed from fractional distillation will also be a mix of these complex molecules. Fractional distillation detailed explanation along with. Petroleum refining petroleum refining catalytic cracking. Ludwigs applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants fourth edition, volume 2, 2010. If you want to learn about crude oil from a true chemical perspective, check out the third lecture in this toprated chemistry 101 course, which deals with one of the most interesting and relevant aspects of chemistry. A refinerys capacity refers to the maximum amount of crude oil designed to flow into the distillation unit of a refinery, also known as the crude unit the diagram above presents a stylized version of the distillation process. The uses of the fuel gas, lpg, refinery gas, gasoline, petrol, naphtha, paraffin, kerosene, diesel oil, gas oil, fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax and bitumen fractions are tabulated. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. What is the difference between cracking of hydrocarbons.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Crude oil normally contains substances such as paraffin wax, gasoline, diesel, naphtha, lubricating oil and kerosene. Which are the products of fractional distillation of crude. Fractional distillation of crude oil explained duration. Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, called fractions.
Industrially, crude oil is heated and sent up along the fractionating column that has decreasing temperatures with height and several platforms at different levels to collect the condensate. Catalytic cracking involves taking a heavy oil and heating it to a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Fractional distillation simple english wikipedia, the. What process happens as the crude oil enters the fractionating column. This website and its content is subject to our terms and conditions. While they succeeded in providing a small increase in gasoline yields, it was the commercialization of the fluid catalytic cracking. Fractional distillation the majority of our fuels and plastics are derived from oil. The cracking of the large hydrocarbons, thermally or. However, once the crude oil is refined, it is used to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, paraffin wax, and even plastics.
Fractional distillation in the lab the principle of fractional distillation can be demonstrated in the laboratory. The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta1,3diene and c 4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation and cracking. The uses of a fraction is related to its physical properties e. Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, called fractions a tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture, with.
Chemical processing how oil refining works howstuffworks. What is crude oil and how is it turned into so many different things. The primary process for separating the hydrocarbon components of crude oil is fractional distillation. Pdf distillation process of crude oil researchgate. When the process is done, a heavy, almost pure carbon residue is left coke. The resulting fractions have different uses depending on their properties, and some fractions are more useful than others. The most common method of refining crude is the process of fractional distillation. A fraction of crude oil is a mixture of chemicals in the crude oil that have similar boiling points. Cracking is a method for physical destruction of large complex organic molecules to short chain organic molecules. Making crude oil useful fractional distillation and cracking. Then, the vapor goes into the bottom of a fractionating column. The plan t concerned with this work has a capacity of 250000 kgh 1, with a feed of originated from arabian light oil.
Difference between fractional distillation and cracking. Gasoline and many other chemicals are produced from crude oil using fractional distillation. Refinery gases bottled gas gasoline petrol cars naphtha making chemicals kerosene aircraft diesel oil cars, lorries, buses fuel oil crude oil ships, power stations bitumen use the diagram above to help you answer the following questions. Making crude oil usefulfractional distillation and cracking. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating. Crude oil distillers separate crude oil into fractions for subsequent processing in such units as catalytic reformers, cracking units, alkylation units, or. Since crude oil is a mixture of different components, it should be processed to obtain a better product that has no impurities. Cracking and alkenes crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation.
However, the basic categories of distilled products are. The fractional distillation of crude oil carries out several steps. Crude oil can be separated into different fractions using fractional distillation. Crude oil is formed from sea creatures remains that have been compressed over millions of years and turn into crude oil.
Naphtha and gas oil are two of the hydrocarbon fractions obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. The process of fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into its main components ie. Fractional distillation is the method of separation in which product is taken to a specific boiling point where, one part is vaporized out by leaving the other. For crude oil to be used effectively by modern industry, it has to be separated into its component parts and have impurities like sulfur removed. Cracking is conducted at high temperatures, by two processes. Crude oil is made from the remains of living sea creatures decayed in mud millions of years ago the main hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes combustion burning is a reaction with oxygen fractional combustion distillation hydrocarbons c9 crude oil cracking and fuels it is a finite resource it is made of a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Crude oil, fuels, fractional distillation and cracking. What is fractional distillation distillation and cracking. Oil is heated to around 370 degrees and pumped into the fractional distillation tower where it is vaporized as the vaporized oil rises it cools and condenses at the top as it becomes more solidified heavy fractions long chained hydrocarbons are found near the bottom as they have higher boiling points. Fractional distillation of crude oil refining uses of. Crude oil is a major source of hydrocarbons that is used to produce fuels. The answer to the question of crude oils multiple uses is fractional distillation and cracking. In order to make it useful for a wide range of purposes, it undergoes fractional distillation where the. It is during this part of the fractional distillation process that the crude oil gets separated. One family of hydrocarbons produced from crude oil is called the alkanes.
Gcse chemistry hydrocarbons, combustion flashcards quizlet. Different fractions condense at certain temperature ranges. Heating the mixture of the substances of crude oil liquids with different boiling points to a. Crude oil is useless until we separate this mixture using fractional distillation. Start studying crude oil, fuels, fractional distillation and cracking. Past paper questions crude oil, fractional distillation. Pdf study of the thermal cracking during the vacuum. Crude oil is separated into its different components by a process called fractional distillation.
The following diagram summarises the industrial fractional distillation of crude oil. From hot to cold largest hydrocarbons to smallest, the. The majority of the use we get out of crude oil is as fuel. Distillation is used to separate mixtures of liquids by exploiting differences in the boiling points of the different components. Crude oil distillation and the definition of refinery. Fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil. The use of thermal cracking units to convert gas oils into naphtha dates from before 1920. Crude oil is the untouched oil as it comes out of the ground. A fractionating column is a hollow, vertical tower. A common example of fractional distillation in industries is the separation of various components of crude oil. In this technique even the material comes after the distillation is not of such a desi. Petroleum and alkanes fractional distillation cracking. Hydrocarbons c9 crude oil cracking fractional combustion.
Crude oil is a mixture of compounds called hydrocarbons. Crude oil distillation is a large energy consumer and a large waste generator, so refiners need to balance the economics of processing crude oil to viable fractions. Just like when you boil water, the superheated oil mixture turns to a vapour, which enters the fractional distillation column. Furthermore, it should be treated in order to obtain highly effective end products. As the vapour rises, it cools at different temperatures, depending on its composition. This involves heating crude oil to about 350 degrees celsius, to turn it into a mixture of gases.